European Part-time Workers’ Health and Well-being in Times of Crisis. The Case of Female Part-timers

  1. MARÍA CRUZ MERINO-LLORENTE 1
  2. MARÍA NOELIA SOMARRIBA ARECHAVALA 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Valladolid
    info

    Universidad de Valladolid

    Valladolid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/01fvbaw18

Zeitschrift:
Hacienda Pública Española / Review of Public Economics

ISSN: 0210-1173

Datum der Publikation: 2020

Titel der Ausgabe: On gender perspectives in public economics

Nummer: 235

Seiten: 61-86

Art: Artikel

Andere Publikationen in: Hacienda Pública Española / Review of Public Economics

Zusammenfassung

The economic crisis, which started in late 2007, had a major impact on countries’ labour markets, and triggered a rise in the number of non-standard contracts. Most European Union (EU) countries witnessed a significant increase in part-time jobs. This type of employment and its working conditions may have a negative impact on the health and well-being of workers, especially women. The aims of this paper are: 1) to determine whether there are differences in levels of part-time workers’ health and well-being by gender for the EU as a whole as well as for each European country individually, and 2) to ascertain which determinants impact female part-time workers’ health and well-being. A Synthetic Health and Well-being Indicator (SHWI) was designed using the measure of P2 distance approach as a methodological tool. In order to explore the determinants for female part-timers, linear regressions were used adopting a multilevel analysis based on data from the 2010 European Working Conditions Survey. The main results show that female part-time workers display lower levels of health and well-being than their male counterparts in the EU. Factors such as the nature of the work, difficulty making ends meet, perceived job insecurity, social support and work-life balance play an essential role in levels of female part-timers´ health and well-being. We may conclude that, in addition to greater institutional support for the inclusion of women in the labour market, changes in public policies designed to improve working conditions (better schedules and a greater presence of non-manual skilled jobs) coupled with changes in family policy, could play a key role in reducing gender differences.

Bibliographische Referenzen

  • Aazami, S., Shamsuddin, K., Akmal, S. and Azami, G. (2015), “The relationship between job satisfaction and psychological/physical health among malaysian working women”, Malaysian J. Med. Sci., 22: 40-46, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-015-9411-8.
  • Aparicio, A. and Morera, M. (2007), “La conveniencia del análisis multinivel para la investigación en salud: una aplicación para Costa Rica”, Población y Salud en Mesoamérica, 4(2): 0-23, https://doi. org/10.15517/psm.v4i2.4556.
  • Arcas, M., Novoa, A. M. and Artacoz, L. (2012), “Gender inequalities in the association between demands of family and domestic life and health in Spanish workers”, Eur. J. Public Health, 23: 883-888.
  • Artazcoz, L., Borrell, C. and Benach, J. (2001), “Gender inequalities in health among workers: the relation with family demands”, J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 55: 639-647, https://doi.org/10.1136/ jech.55.9.639.
  • Artazcoz, L., Artieda, L., Borrell, C., Cortès, I., Benach, J. and García, V. (2004a), “Combining job and family demands and being healthy: what are the differences between men and women?”, Eur. J. Public Health, 14: 43-48.
  • Artacoz, I., Benach, J., Borrell, C. and Cortès, I. (2004b), “Unemployment and mental health: understanding the interactions among gender, family roles, and social class”, Am J Public Health, 94(1): 82-8.
  • Artazcoz, L., Benach, J., Borrell, C. and Cortès, I. (2005), “Social inequalities in the impact of flexible employment on different domains of psychosocial health”, J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 59: 761-7, https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2004.028704.
  • Artazcoz, L., Borrell, C., Cortès, I., Escribà-Agüir, V. and Cascant, L. (2007), “Occupational epidemiology and work related inequalities in health: A gender perspective for two complementary approaches to work and health research”, J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 61: 39-45, https://doi.org/10.1136/ jech.2007.059774,
  • Artazcoz, L., Cortés, I., Puig-Barrachina, V., Benavides, F. G., Escribà-Agüir, V. and Borrell, C. (2014), “Combining employment and family in Europe: The role of family policies in health”, Eur. J. Public Health, 24: 649–655, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckt170.
  • Bambra, C. (2011), “Work, worklessness and the political economy of health inequalities”, J. Epidemiol Community Health, 65(9):746-50, doi: 10.1136/jech.2009.102103.
  • Bardasi, E. and Francesconi, M. (2004), “The impact of atypical employment on individual wellbeing: Evidence from a panel of British workers”, Soc. Sci. Med., 58: 1671-1688, https://doi.org/10.1016/ S0277-9536(03)00400-3.
  • Barnay, T. (2016), “Health, work and working conditions: a review of the European economic literature”, Eur J Health Econ, 17: 693-709, DOI 10.1007/s10198-015-0715-8.
  • Bartley, M., Ferrie, J. and Montgomery, S.M. (2009), “Health and labour market disadvantage: Unemployment, non-employment, and job insecurity”, in M. Marmot and R. G. Wilkinson, Social Determinants of Health, 78-97, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565895.003.05.
  • Bartley, M. (1999), “Measuring women´s social position: the importance of theory”, J. Epidemiol Community Health, 53:601-2.
  • Bartoll, X., Cortés, I. and Artacoz, L. (2014), “Fulland part-time work: gender and welfare-type differences in European working conditions, job satisfaction, health status, and psychosocial issues”, Scand J Work Environ Health, 40(4): 370–379, doi: 10.5271/sjweh.3429.
  • Benach, J., Amable, M., Muntaner, C. and Benavides, F. G. (2002), “The consequences of flexible work for health: Are we looking at the right place?”, J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 56: 405-406, https:// doi.org/10.1136/jech.56.6.405.
  • Benach, J., Gimeno, D., Benavides, F. G., Martínez, J. M. and Torné, M. M. (2004), “Types of employment and health in the European Union: Changes from 1995 to 2000”, Public Health, 14: 314-321.
  • Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G. and Muntaner, C. (2014), “Precarious employment: understanding an emerging social determinant of health”, Annu. Rev. Public Health, 35: 229-53, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182500.
  • Benavides, F. G., Benach, J., Diez-Roux, A. and Roman, C. (2000), “How do types of employment relate to health indicators? Findings from the second European survey on working conditions”, J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 54: 494-501, https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.54.7.494.
  • Bound, J. (2017), “Self-Reported Versus Objective Measures of Health in Retirement Models”, J. Hum. Resour, 26: 106-138.
  • Borrell, C., Palència, L., Muntaner, C., Urquía, M., Malmusi, D. and O’Campo, P. (2014), “Influence of macrosocial policies on women’s health and gender inequalities in health”, Epidemiologic Reviews, Volume 36(1): 31-48, https://doi.org/10.1093/epirev/mxt002.
  • Bryan, M. and Jenkin, S. (2016), “Multilevel Modelling of Country Effects: A Cautionary Tale”, European Sociological Review, 32: 3-22, https://doi.org/10.1093/esr/jcv059.
  • Buddelmeyer, H., Mourre, G. and Ward-Warmedinger, M. (2005), “Part-time work in EU countries labour market mobility, entry and exit”, ECB Work. Pap. Ser.
  • Burgard, S. A. (2010), “Perceived job insecurity and worker health in the United States”, Soc. Sci., 69: 777-785, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.06.029.
  • Campo-Arias, A. and Oviedo, H. C. (2008), “Propiedades psicométricas de una escala: la consistencia interna”, Rev. Salud Pública, 10(5): 831-839.
  • Campos-Serna, J., Ronda-Pérez, E., Artazcoz, L. and Benavides, F. G. (2012), “Desigualdades de género en salud laboral en España”, Gac. Sanit., 26: 343-351, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaceta.2011.09.025.
  • Caroli, E. and Godard, M. (2016), “Does Job Insecurity Deteriorate Health?”, Health Econ., 25: 131-147.
  • Carrieri, V., Di Novi, C., Jacobs, R. and Robone, S. (2012), “Well-being and psychological consequences of temporary contracts: the case of younger Italian employees”, CHE Research Paper 79, University of York.
  • Case, A. and Deaton, A. (2005), “Broken down by work and sex: How our health declines”, Anal. Econ. Aging, 1: 185-212, https://doi.org/10.3386/w9821.
  • Catalán-Reyes, M. and Galindo-Villardón, M. (2003), “Utilización de los modelos multinivel en investigación sanitaria”, Gac. Sanit., 17: 35-52, https://doi.org/10.1157/13057791.
  • Chandola, T., Bartley, M., Sacker, A., Jenkinson, C. and Marmot, M. (2003), “Health selection in the Whitehall II study”, Soc. Sci. Med., 56: 2059-2072.
  • Cooper, C. L. and Payne, R. (1988), Causes, coping and consequences of stress at work, John Wiley and Sons, Chichester.
  • Cooper, C. L., Kirkcaldy, B. D. and Brown, J. (1994), “A model of job stress and physical health: the role of individual differences”, Person. Individ. Diff., 16 (4): 653-655, https://doi.org/10.1016/0191- 8869(94)90194-5.
  • Crompton, R. and Lyonette, C. (2006), “Work-life balance in Europe”, Acta Sociol., 49: 379-93.
  • Danna, K. and Griffin, R. W. (1999), “Health and well-being in the workplace: a review and synthesis of the literature”, J. Manage., 25: 357-384, https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639902500305.
  • Denton, M., Prus, S. and Walters, V. (2004), “Gender differences in health: a Canadian study of the psychosocial, structural and behavioural determinants of health”, Soc Sci Med., 58(12): 2585-600.
  • Deutsch, J. and Silber, J. (2005), “Measuring multidimensional poverty: an empirical comparison of various approaches”, Rev. Income Wealth, 51: 145–174, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4991.2005. 00148.x.
  • Dhondt, S. and Houtman, I. (1997), Indicators of Working Conditions in the European Union, Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
  • Dollard, M., Skinner, N., Tuckey, M. R. and Tessa, B. (2007), “National surveillance of psychosocial risk factors in the workplace: An international overview”, Work Stress, 21: 1-29, https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1080/02678370701254082.
  • Ehlert, C. R. and Schaffner, S. (2011), “Health Effects of Temporary Jobs in Europe”, Ruhr Economic Papers, 295.
  • Erhel, C., Leschke, J. and Watt, A. (2012), “Trends in job quality during the great recession: a comparative approach for the EU/Tendances de la qualité de l’emploi pendant la crise: une approche européenne comparative”, Document de travail, n.o 161-1, https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00966898.
  • Eurofound (2013), Women, men and working conditions in Europe, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • European Commission (2009), Employment in Europe 2009, Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
  • Fagan, C., Norman, H., Smith, M. and González, M. C. (2014), In search of good-quality part-time employment, International Labour Organization, available at: http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/ @ed_protect/@protrav/@travail/documents/publication/wcms_237781.pdf.
  • Faragher, E. B., Cass, M. and Cooper, C. L. (2005), “The relationship between job satisfaction and health: a meta-analysis”, Occup Env. Med, 62: 105-112, https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.2002.006734.
  • Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M. J., Marmot, M. G., Stansfeld, S. and Smith, G. D. (1998), “The Health Effects of Major Organisational Change and Job Insecurity”, Soc. Sci. Med, 46: 243-254.
  • Ferrie, J. E., Westerlund, H., Virtanen, M., Vahtera, J. and Kivimki, M. (2008), “Flexible labor markets and employee health”, Scand. J. Work. Environ. Heal., Suppl. 2008(6): 98-110.
  • Gallie, D. (1998), Restructuring the employment relationship, Clarendon Press.
  • García, E. C., Martín, J. A. R. and Pabsdorf, M. N. (2010), “The Features of Development in the Pacific Countries of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group”, Soc. Indic. Res., 99: 469-485, https://doi. org/10.1007/s11205-010-9594-7.
  • Gash, V., Mertens, A. and Gordo, L. R. (2006), “Are Fixed-Term Jobs Bad for your Health? A Comparison of West-Germany and Spain Bundesagentur für Arbeit Are Fixed-Term Jobs Bad for your Health? A Comparison of West-Germany and Spain”, IAB Discuss. Pap. No. 8.
  • Joyce, K., Pabayo, R., Critchley, J. A. and Bambra, C. (2010), “Flexible working conditions and their effects on employee health and wellbeing”, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, (2): 1-88, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008009.pub2.www.cochranelibrary.com.
  • Kalleberg, A. L. (2000), “Nonstandard Employment Relations : Part-Time , Temporary and Contract Work”, Annu. Rev. Sociol., 26: 341-365, URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/223448.
  • Katz, M. H. (2006), Multivariable analysis (2a ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kauhanen, M. and Nätti, J. (2015), “Involuntary Temporary and Part-Time Work, Job Quality and Well-Being at Work”, Social Indicators Research, 120: 783-799, DOI 10.1007/s11205-014-0617-7.
  • Kawachi, I. (2008), “Globalization and workers’ health”, Ind. Health, 46: 421-423, https://doi.org/ 10.2486/indhealth.46.421.
  • Kim, I. H., Muntaner, C., Vahid Shahidi, F., Vives, A., Vanroelen, C. and Benach, J. (2012), “Welfare states, flexible employment, and health: A critical review”, Health Policy (New. York), 104: 99-127, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2011.11.002.
  • Labarere, J., Francois, P., Auquier, P., Robert, C. and Fourny, M. (2001), “Development of a French inpatient satisfaction questionnaire”, International Journal for Quality in Health Care, 13, 99-108.
  • László, K. D., Pikhart, H., Kopp, M. S., Bobak, M., Pajak, A., Malyutina, S., Salavecz, G. and Marmot, M. (2010), “Job insecurity and health: A study of 16 European countries”, Soc. Sci. Med., 70: 867- 874, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.11.022.
  • Lee, M. S., Lee, M. B., Liao, S. C. and Chiang, F. T. (2009), “Relationship between mental health and job satisfaction among employees in a medical center department of laboratory medicine”, J Formos Med Assoc., 108: 146-154, https://doi.org/doi: 10.1016/S0929- 6646(09)60045-0.
  • Lennon, M. C. and Rosenfield, S. (1992), “Women and mental health: The interaction of job and family conditions”, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 33(4): 316-327. https://doi.org/10.2307/2137311.
  • Lunau, T., Bambra, C., Eikemo, T. A., Van Der Wel, K. A. and Dragano, N. (2014), “A balancing act? Work-life balance, health and well-being in European welfare states”, Eur. J. Public Health, 24, 422- 427, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cku010.
  • Marmot, M. and Wilkinson, R. G. (2005), “Health and the psychosocial environment at work”, Social Determinants of Health, Oxford University Press, DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198565895.003.06.
  • McDonald, R. P. (1999), Test theory: A unified treatment, Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
  • Menéndez, M., Benach, J., Muntaner, C., Amable, M. and O’Campo, P. (2007), “Is precarious employment more damaging to women’s health than men’s?”, Soc. Sci. Med., 64: 776-781, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.socscimed.2006.10.035.
  • Merino, M. C., Somarriba, N. and Negro, A. (2012), “Un análisis dinámico de la calidad del trabajo en España. Los efectos de la crisis económica”, Rev. Estud. Econ. Apl., 30: 261-282.
  • Muñoz de Bustillo, R., Fernández, E. and Antón, J. (2008), El trabajo a tiempo parcial en España en el contexto de la Unión Europea: características, condiciones de trabajo y perspectivas, Madrid: Ministerio de Trabajo e Inmigración.
  • Orloff, AS. (2009), “Gendering the comparative analysis of welfare states: An unfinished Agenda”, Soc Theory, 27:317-43.
  • Pena, B. (1977), Problemas de la medición del bienestar y conceptos afines: (una aplicación al caso español), Madrid: Instituto Nacional de Estadística.
  • Pfau-Effinger, B. (2005), “Welfare state policies and the development of care arrangements”, Eur Soc, 7: 321-47.
  • Piko, B. F. (2006), “Burnout, role conflict, job satisfaction and psychosocial health among Hungarian health care staff: A questionnaire survey”, Int. J. Nursering Stud., 43: 311-318, https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.ijnurstu.2005.05.003.
  • Pinillos-Franco, S. and Somarriba, N. (2018a), “A Proposal for a Synthetic Health Indicator in the European Union: an Analysis of Gender Health Inequalities”, Applied Research in Quality of Life, 1-15, doi:10.1007/s11482-018-9637-9.
  • Pinillos-Franco, S. and Somarriba, N. (2018b), “Examining gender health inequalities in Europe using a Synthetic Health Indicator: the role of family policies”, European Journal of Public Health, 29(2): 254-259, doi:10.1093/eurpub/cky177.
  • Quinlan, M., Mayhew, C. and Bohle, P. (2001), “The Global Expansion of Precarious Employment, Work Disorganization, and Consequences for Occupational Health: A Review of Recent Research”, Int. J. Heal. Serv., 31: 335-414, https://doi.org/10.2190/607H-TTV0-QCN6-YLT4.
  • Ray, S. (2014), “An Index of Maternal and Child Healthcare Status in India: Measuring Interand Intra-State Variations from Capability Perspectives”, Soc. Indic. Res., 117: 195-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11205-013-0340-9.
  • Robone, S., Jones, A. M. and Rice, N. (2011), “Contractual conditions, working conditions and their impact on health and well-being”, Eur. J. Heal. Econ., 12: 429-444, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198- 010-0256-0.
  • Rodríguez Martín, J. A., Holgado Molina, M. M. and Salinas Fernández, J. A. (2012), “An index of social and economic development in the community’s objective-1 Regions of countries in Southern Europe”, European Planning Studies, 20(6): 1059-1074. doi:10.1080/09654313.2012.673571.
  • Roozeboom, M. B., Houtman, I. and Bossche, S. Van Den (2008), “Monitoring psychosocial risks at work” in S. Leka and T. Cox (ed.), The European Framework Psychosocial Risk Management: PRIMA-EF, Nottingham: University of Nottingham, 17-36.
  • Sandor, E. (2011), European Company Survey 2009: Part-time work in Europe, Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  • Scott-Marshall, H. and Tompa, E. (2011), “The health consequences of precarious employment experiences”, Work, 38: 369-382.
  • Grupo de Trabajo de la Sociedad Española de Epidemiología y de la Sociedad Española de Medicina de Familia y Comunitaria (2000), “Una propuesta de medida de la clase social”, Atención Primaria, 25: 350-363, https://doi.org/ 10.1016/S0212-6567(00)78518-0.
  • Somarriba, N. and Pena, B. (2009), “Synthetic indicators of quality of life in Europe”, Soc. Indic. Res., 94: 115-133, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-008-9356-y.
  • Somarriba, N., Zarzosa, P. and Pena, B. (2015), “The Economic Crisis and its Effects on the Quality of Life in the European Union”, Social Indicators Research, 120(2): 323-343. doi:10.1007/s11205- 014-0595-9.
  • Somarriba, N. and Zarzosa, P. (2016), “Quality of Life in Latin America: A Proposal for a Synthetic Indicator”, in Tonon, G. (Ed.), Indicators of Quality of Life in Latin America, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 19-56, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28842-0_2.
  • Somarriba, N. and Zarzosa, P. (2018), “Quality of Life in the European Union: An Econometric Analysis from a Gender Perspective”, Soc. Indic. Res., 1-22, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-018-1913-4.
  • Sparreboom, T. (2014), “Igualdad de género, trabajo a tiempo parcial y segregación en Europa”, Rev. Int. del Trab., 133: 271-297.
  • Steine, S., Finset, A. and Laerum, E (2001), “A new, brief questionnaire (PEQ) developed in primary health care for measuring patients’ experience of interaction, emotion and consultation outcome”, Family Practice, 18(4): 410-419.
  • Tansel, A. and Gazîoğlu, S. (2014), “Management-employee relations, firm size and job satisfaction”, International Journal of Manpower, 35 (8): 1260-1275, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-09-2014-0179.
  • Toch, M., Bambra, C., Lunau, T., van der Wel, K. A., Witvliet, M. I., Dragano, N. and Eikemo, T. A. (2014), “All part of the job? The contribution of the psychosocial and physical work environment to health inequalities in Europe and the European health divide”, Int J Health Serv., 44(2): 285-305.
  • Valleta, R. and Van der List, C. (2015), Involuntary Part-Time Work: Here to Stay?, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Letter 2015-19. June 8.
  • Van Aerden, K., Puig-Barrachina, V., Bosmans, K. and Vanroelen, C. (2016), “How does employment quality relate to health and job satisfaction in Europe? A typological approach”, Soc. Sci. Med., 158: 132-140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.04.017.
  • Virtanen, P., Liukkonen, V., Vahtera, J., Kivimäki, M. and Koskenvuo, M. (2003), “Health inequalities in the workforce: the labour market core-periphery structure”, Int. J. Epidemiol., 32: 1015-21.
  • Vives, A., Amable, M., Ferrer, M., Moncada, S., Llorens, C., Muntaner, C., Benavides, F. G. and Benach, J. (2013), “Employment precariousness and poor mental health: Evidence from Spain on a new social determinant of health”, J. Environ. Public Health, vol. 2013. Article ID 978656, 10 pages, https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/978656.
  • von dem Knesebeck, O., Verde, P. E. and Dragano, N. (2006),” Education and health in 22 European countries”, Soc. Sci. Med., 63: 1344-1351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.03.043.
  • von der Lippe, E., Rattay, P. and Kostova, D. (2015), “The association of health with family and employment statuses in Germany, France and the Netherlands”, Eur. J. Public Health, 25, suppl. 3. https://doi.org/ 10.1093/eurpub/ckv170.076.
  • Waenerlund, A. K., Virtanen, P. and Hammarstrom, A. (2011), “Is temporary employment related to health status? Analysis of the northern Swedish cohort”, Scand. J. Public Health, 39: 533-539.
  • Weiler, A. (2007), Working conditions surveys -A comparative analysis, Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
  • Zarzosa, P. and Somarriba, N. (2013), “An Assessment of Social Welfare in Spain: Territorial Analysis Using a Synthetic Welfare Indicator”, Soc. Indic. Res., 111: 1-23, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205- 012-0005-0.
  • Zimmerman, E. and Woolf, S. H. (2014), Understanding the Relationship Between Education and Health, National Academy of Sciences.