Estudio longitudinal de las diferencias relacionadas con la edad en el impacto psicológico del confinamiento como consecuencia de la Covid-19 en una muestra española

  1. Berta Ausín
  2. Clara González-Sanguino
  3. Miguel Ángel Castellanos
  4. Jesús Saiz
  5. Manuel Muñoz
Journal:
Psicología conductual = behavioral psychology: Revista internacional de psicología clínica y de la salud

ISSN: 1132-9483

Year of publication: 2022

Volume: 30

Issue: 1

Pages: 93-107

Type: Article

More publications in: Psicología conductual = behavioral psychology: Revista internacional de psicología clínica y de la salud

Abstract

This research aims to analyze age-related differences in the psychological impact of the Covid-19 confinement situation in a Spanish sample. A longitudinal study (N= 1,041) was conducted through an online survey with two measurements: at two and five weeks after the declaration of the alarm state in Spain. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety and depressive symptoms, spiritual wellbeing and perceived loneliness were evaluated by screening tests. Means and their confidence intervals (95%) were calculated for all variables in the study, for the three age groups: 18-30, 31-59, 60-80. Linear mixed models with random slopes (Time nested to Subjects) were calculated for each variable. The results indicate that the psychological impact caused by the pandemic persists over time, and even increases in some of the variables studied. The older age group (60-80 years) shows the least impact and the greatest well-being. They presented less depressive, anxious and PTSD symptoms and less loneliness. These results may be explained by the greater resilience of this group to recover from adverse situations, in addition to having a greater number of coping strategies

Bibliographic References

  • Ayalon, L., Chasteen, A., Diehl, M., Levy, B., Neupert, S. D., Rothermund, K., Tesch-Römer, C., & Wahl, H.-W. (2020). Aging in times of the COVID-19 pandemic: Avoiding ageism and fostering intergenerational solidarity. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(2), e49-e52. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa051
  • Balluerka Lasa, M. N., Gómez Benito, J., Hidalgo Montesinos, M. D., Gorostiaga Manterola, M. A., Espada Sánchez, J. P., Padilla García, J. L., & Santed Germán, M. Á. (2020). Las consecuencias psicológicas de la COVID-19 y el confinamiento. Informe de investigación [The psychological consequences of COVID-19 and confinement. Research report]. Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad del País Vasco
  • Bergman, Y. S., Cohen-Fridel, S., Shrira, A., Bodner, E., & Palgi, Y. (2020). COVID-19 health worries and anxiety symptoms among older adults: The moderating role of ageism. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(11), 1371-1375. doi: 10.1017/S1041610220001258
  • Boreskie, K. F., Boreskie, P. E., & Melady, D. (2020). Age is just a number and so is frailty: Strategies to inform resource allocation during the COVID-19 pandemic. CJEM, 22(4), 411-413. doi: 10.1017/cem.2020.358
  • Browne-Yung, K., Walker, R. B., & Luszcz, M. A. (2017). An examination of resilience and coping in the oldest old using life narrative method. The Gerontologist, 57(2), 282-291. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnv137
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 112934. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112934
  • Cella, D., Hernandez, L., Bonomi, A. E., Corona, M., Vaquero, M., Shiomoto, G., & Baez, L. (1998). Spanish language translation and initial validation of the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy Quality-of-Life Instrument. Medical Care, 36(9), 1407-1418. doi: 10.1097/00005650-199809000-00012
  • Cohen-Mansfield, J., Shmotkin, D., & Goldberg, S. (2009). Loneliness in old age: Longitudinal changes and their determinants in an Israeli sample. International Psychogeriatrics, 21(6), 1160-1170. doi: 10.1017/S1041610209990974
  • Díaz Gandasegui, V., Barbadillo Griñán, P., Díaz Gorfinkiel, M., & Paloma Gómez, M. V. (2018). The resilient memory of the Spanish Civil War and Francoism. Memory Studies, 11(2), 209-224. doi: 10.1177/1750698016679220
  • Diez-Quevedo, C., Rangil, T., Sanchez-Planell, L., Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (2001). Validation and utility of the Patient Health Questionnaire in diagnosing mental disorders in 1003 general hospital Spanish inpatients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(4), 679-686. doi: 10.1097/00006842-200107000-00021
  • Fernández-Ballesteros, R. y Sánchez-Izquierdo Alonso, M. (2020). Impacto del COVID-19 en personas mayores en España: Algunos resultados y reflexiones [Impact of COVID-19 on older people in Spain: Some results and reflections]. Clínica y Salud, 31(3), 165-169. doi: 10.5093/clysa2020a25
  • Galiana, L., Oliver, A., Benito, E., Sansó, N. (2016). Cuestionarios de atención espiritual en cuidados paliativos: revisión de la evidencia para su aplicación clínica [Spiritual care questionnaires in palliative care: a review of the evidence for clinical application]. Psicooncología, 13, 385-97. doi: 10.5209/PSIC.54443
  • Garcia-Campayo, J., Navarro-Gil, M., Andrés, E., Montero-Marin, J., López-Artal, L., & Demarzo, M. M. P. (2014). Validation of the Spanish versions of the long (26 items) and short (12 items) forms of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS). Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 12(1), 4. doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-12-4
  • González-Sanguino, C., Ausín, B., ÁngelCastellanos, M., Saiz, J., López-Gómez, A., Ugidos, C., & Muñoz, M. (2020). Mental health consequences during the initial stage of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) in Spain. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 172-176. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.040
  • Gooding, P. A., Hurst, A., Johnson, J., & Tarrier, N. (2012). Psychological resilience in young and older adults. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 27(3), 262-270. doi: 10.1002/gps.2712
  • Gorrochategi, M. P., Munitis, A. E., Santamaria, M. D., & Etxebarria, N. O. (2020). Stress, anxiety, and depression in people aged over 60 in the COVID-19 outbreak in a sample collected in Northern Spain. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 28(9), 993- 998. doi: 10.1016/j.jagp.2020.05.022
  • Hayman, K. J., Kerse, N., & Consedine, N. S. (2017). Resilience in context: The special case of advanced age. Aging & Mental Health, 21(6), 577-585. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2016.1196336
  • Health Ministry, G. of S. (2020). Ministry Health. https://www.mscbs.gob.es/en/profesionales/saludPublica/ccayes/alertasActual/nCovChina/situacionActual.htm
  • Ko, N.-Y., Lu, W.-H., Chen, Y.-L., Li, D.-J., Wang, P.-W., Hsu, S.-T., Chen, C.-C., Lin, Y.-H., Chang, Y.-P., & Yen, C.-F. (2020). COVID-19-related information sources and psychological well-being: An online survey study in Taiwan. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 153-154. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.05.019
  • Kok, A. A. L., van Nes, F., Deeg, D. J. H., Widdershoven, G., & Huisman, M. (2018). “Tough times have become good times”: Resilience in older adults with a low socioeconomic position. The Gerontologist, 58(5), 843-852. doi: 10.1093/geront/gny007
  • Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2009). An ultra-brief screening scale for anxiety and depression: The PHQ-4. Psychosomatics, 50(6), 613-621. doi: 10.1176/appi.psy.50.6.613
  • Lang, A. J., & Stein, M. B. (2005). An Abbreviated PTSD Checklist for use as a screening instrument in primary care. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(5), 585-594. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2004.04.005
  • Lang, A. J., Wilkins, K., Roy-Byrne, P. P., Golinelli, D., Chavira, D., Sherbourne, C., Rose, R. D., Bystritsky, A., Sullivan, G., Craske, M. G., & Stein, M. B. (2012). Abbreviated PTSD Checklist (PCL) as a guide to clinical response. General Hospital Psychiatry, 34(4), 332- 338. doi: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2012.02.003
  • Le Couteur, D. G., Anderson, R. M., & Newman, A. B. (2020). COVID-19 is a disease of older people. The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 75(9), e119-e120. doi: 10.1093/gerona/glaa077
  • López, J., Perez-Rojo, G., Noriega, C., Carretero, I., Velasco, C., Martinez-Huertas, J. A., López-Frutos, P., & Galarraga, L. (2020). Psychological well-being among older adults during the COVID-19 outbreak: A comparative study of the young-old and the old-old adults. International Psychogeriatrics, 32(11), 1365-1370. doi: 10.1017/S1041610220000964
  • Losada-Baltar, A., Jiménez-Gonzalo, L., Gallego-Alberto, L., Pedroso-Chaparro, M. D. S., Fernandes-Pires, J., & Márquez-González, M. (2020). “We’re staying at home”. Association of self-perceptions of aging, personal and family resources and loneliness with psychological distress during the lock-down period of COVID-19. The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 76(2), e10-e16. doi: 10.1093/geronb/gbaa048
  • Meléndez, J. C., Mayordomo, T., Sancho, P., & Tomás, J. M. (2012). Coping strategies: Gender differences and development throughout life span. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 15(3), 1089-1098. doi: 10.5209/rev_sjop.2012.v15.n3.39399
  • Monahan, C., Macdonald, J., Lytle, A., Apriceno, M., & Levy, S. R. (2020). COVID-19 and ageism: How positive and negative responses impact older adults and society. American Psychologist, 75(7), 887-896. doi: 10.1037/amp0000699
  • Moreira, P. S., Ferreira, S., Couto, B., Machado-Sousa, M., Fernandez, M., Raposo-Lima, C., Sousa, N., Pico-Perez, M., & Morgado, P. (2020). Protective elements of mental health status during the COVID-19 outbreak in the Portuguese population. MedRxiv, 18(4), 1910. doi: 10.1101/2020.04.28.20080671
  • Muñoz-Navarro, R., Cano-Vindel, A., Medrano, L. A., Schmitz, F., Ruiz-Rodríguez, P., AbellánMaeso, C., Font-Payeras, M. A., & Hermosilla-Pasamar, A. M. (2017). Utility of the PHQ9 to identify major depressive disorder in adult patients in Spanish primary care centres. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 291. doi: 10.1186/s12888-017-1450-8
  • Nwachukwu, I., Nkire, N., Shalaby, R., Hrabok, M., Vuong, W., Gusnowski, A., Surood, S., Urichuk, L., Greenshaw, A. J., & Agyapong, V. I. O. (2020). COVID-19 Pandemic: Agerelated differences in measures of stress, anxiety and depression in Canada. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(17), 6366. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17176366
  • Okruszek, L., Aniszewska-Stanzuk, A., Piejka, A., Wisniewska, M., & Zurek, K. (2020). Safe but lonely? Loneliness, mental health symptoms and COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 579181. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.579181
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. In General Psychiatry, 33(2), e100213. BMJ Publishing Group. doi: 10.1136/gpsych-2020-100213
  • Reguera, B., Altungy, P., Cobos Redondo, B., Navarro, R., Gesteira Santos, C., Fausor de Castro, R., ... & Sanz Fernández, J. (2021). Desarrollo de una versión breve de la PTSD Checklist (PCL) basada en la definición de trastorno de estrés postraumático de la CIE11 [Development of a short version of the PTSD Checklist (PCL) based on the ICD-11 definition of post-traumatic stress disorder]. Ansiedad y Estrés, 27, 57-66. doi: 10.5093/anyes2021a8
  • Rubio, L., Dumitrache, C., Cordon-Pozo, E., & Rubio-Herrera, R. (2016). Coping: Impact of gender and stressful life events in middle and in old age. Clinical Gerontologist, 39(5), 468-488. doi: 10.1080/07317115.2015.1132290
  • Russell, D. W. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, validity, and factor structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20-40. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
  • Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092- 1097. doi: 10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
  • Velarde-Mayol, C., Fragua-Gil, S., & García-de-Cecilia, J. M. (2016). Validación de la Escala de Soledad de UCLA y perfil social en la población anciana que vive sola [Validation of the UCLA Loneliness Scale and social profile in the elderly population living alone]. Semergen, 42(3), 177-183. doi: 10.1016/j.semerg.2015.05.017
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020). Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the initial stage of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic among the general population in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(5), 1729. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729
  • Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., McIntyre, R. S., Choo, F. N., Tran, B., Ho, R., Sharma, V. K., & Ho, C. (2020). A longitudinal study on the mental health of general population during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 87, 40-48. doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.04.028
  • Weathers, F. W., Litz, B. T., Herman, D. S., Huska, J. A., & Keane, T. M. (1993). The PTSD Checklist (PCL): Reliability, validity, and diagnostic utility. Annual Convention of the International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies, San Antonio, TX, 462.
  • Windle, G. (2011). What is resilience? A review and concept analysis. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 21(2), 152-169. doi: 10.1017/S0959259810000420
  • Xie, L.-Q., Zhang, J.-P., Peng, F., & Jiao, N.-N. (2010). Prevalence and related influencing factors of depressive symptoms for empty-nest elderly living in the rural area of YongZhou, China. Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 50(1), 24-29. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2009.01.003
  • Zhang, Y., & Ma, F. Z. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and quality of life among local residents in Liaoning province, China: A Cross-sectional study.
  • International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2381. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17072381
  • Zinnbauer, B. J., Pargament, K. I., & Scott, A. B. (1999). The emerging meanings of religiousness and spirituality: Problems and prospects. Journal of Personality, 67(6), 889- 919. doi: 10.1111/1467-6494.00077