Contribution to the Study of Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions in SCFsHydrogenation of Sunflower Oil in Pd Catalysts at Single-Phase Conditions.

Resumen

Hydrogenation is a major industrial chemical process. A wide variety of chemicals is obtained by catalytic hydrogenation. One typical heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation process is the production of margarine and shortenings from vegetable oils. The hydrogenation of double bonds in fats and oils has the purpose of providing products with the desired melting profile and texture, according to their final use. The hydrogenated oil is more stable and less sensitive to oxidation. The classic process is carried out in batch reactors where the oil, hydrogen, and catalyst nickel powder are mixed intensively at temperatures between 373 K and 423 K. In this case, the compound to be hydrogenated and or the reaction products are liquid at process conditions; the reaction rate is limited by the concentration of hydrogen on the catalyst surface. The low reaction rate is caused by the low solubility of hydrogen and the high mass transfer resistance in the liquid phase, which leads to a depletion of hydrogen at the catalyst surface. In the presence of double bonds, this lack of hydrogen also gives rise to double-bond migration and cis-trans-isomerization. Despite of the fact that isomerization of cis trans configuration increases the melting point, conflicting conclusions have resulted from studies on trans fatty acids. In several studies, these isomers formed during hydrogenation of fatty edible oils have shown to have similar effects as saturated fats increasing serum cholesterol levels in the blood, believed to be a major cause of heart desease. For this reason, apprehension and public awareness have risen regarding the potential health hazards of trans fatty acids intake in the human diet. The aim of this research is to study continuous single-phase hydrogenation of sunflower oil on supported palladium catalysts using supercritical fluids as a reaction solvent. This would be an alternative process for producing a wide variety of end products having different characteristics (iodine value, trans-fatty acid content and saturated content mainly) of industrial foodstuffs interest to be used as low cholesterol precursors for margarine and shortening bases in the next few years. In addition, the objective of the study is to show, on a lab-scale, the potential of heterogeneous catalytic reactions under supercritical single-phase conditions. This thesis is based on the material published in several technical papers and one patent, which can be found at the end of the thesis. The tesis is structured as follows: 1. Com a mínim 1 i com a màxim 4. Els codis els podeu trobar en la pàgina web: http://www.upc.edu/tercercicle/impresos.php 2. El resum ha de tenir un màxim de 4000 caràcters. Cal tenir present que si es supera aquest límit es tallarà automàticament el resum al caràcter 4000. Chapter 1 consists of a background, to explain the idea of use supercritical fluids in the hydrogenation of fats and oils, to describe the state of the art and what are the aims of this research. Chapter 2 presents a theoretical study for modelling the vapor-liquid high pressure equilibrium for sunflower oil/hydrogen/C3H8 system as well as for sunflower oil/hydrogen/DME in order to determine suitable operating conditions (concentrations, temperatures and pressures) which can bring all hydrogenation reactants and products into a homogeneous reactive fluid phase. Chapter 3 establishes a better understanding of how operating variables affect the rate of reaction, conversion and final product distribution in a continuous recycle reactor as well as the experimental conditions where a potential CSTR process could be operated to obtain end-products with industrial foodstuff of interest. As an extension of these results, the kinetics of the reaction is worked out. Chapter 4 it is a consequence of the results of the previous chapter and develops the study of the intraparticle diffusion-reaction mechanisms in supercritical sunflower oil hydrogenation on Pd/C catalyst. The final chapter contains the experimental details of this thesis. The last part lists the main conclusions, discusses the prospects for further investigations and presents the bibliopraphy and the appendixes.