El antifeminismo de la ultraderecha española en Twitter en torno al 8M

  1. Lacalle, Charo 1
  2. Martín Jiménez, Virginia
  3. Etura Hernández, Dunia 2
  1. 1 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
    info

    Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona

    Barcelona, España

    ROR https://ror.org/052g8jq94

  2. 2 Universidad de Valladolid
    info

    Universidad de Valladolid

    Valladolid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/01fvbaw18

Journal:
Prisma Social: revista de investigación social

ISSN: 1989-3469

Year of publication: 2023

Issue Title: Dissident masculinities in the contemporary Spanish and Latin American audiovisual

Issue: 40

Pages: 358-376

Type: Article

More publications in: Prisma Social: revista de investigación social

Abstract

This article studies the structure of the network and the content of the messages of the biggest anti-feminist campaign promoted on Twitter by the Spanish party Vox, around the celebration of March 8, 2021. The study universe is made up of all the comments indexed with the hashtags #8MDiaVictimasCovid and #EsteFeminismoEsViolencia. The collection of the 6,463 tuits was carried out using RStudio software, while the qualitative and linguistic analysis of the corpus was carried out using Sketch Engine program. The research shows that the anti-feminism of Vox corresponds to the misogyny that it presents in the discourses of the Spanish Manosphere to denounce the feminist movement, through its association with some slogans such as "supremacist", "radical", "extremist" or "violent". The messages try to capitalize on the discontent caused by the pandemic and make feminism the target of all criticism, accusing it of complicity with the Government and of using dominant and violent methods to impose itself and obtain economic benefits. The self-referentiality of the messages, the use of simple and repetitive frames, and the profusion of negative emotions are the main strategies adopted to provoke disinformation around feminism and promote hate speech towards women who sympathize with feminism.

Bibliographic References

  • Anzovino, M., Fersini, E. y Rosso, P. (2018). Automatic Identification and Classification of Misogynistic Language on Twitter. NLDB/Natural Language to Information Systems, vol 10859, 57-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91947-8_6
  • Arce-García, S., & Menéndez-Menéndez, M.-I. (2022). Inflaming public debate: a methodology to determine origin and characteristics of hate speech about sexual and gender diversity on Twitter. Profesional De La información, 32(1). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2023.ene.06
  • Bail, C. A., Argyle, L. P., Brown, T. W., Bumpus, J. P., Haohan, C., Fallin Hunzaker, M. B., Lee, J.; Mann, M., Merhout,
  • Corpus Ong, Jonathan; Tapsell, Ross; Curato, Nicole (2019), Tracking Digital Disinformation in the 2019 Philippine (pp. 19-20). New mandala.
  • Banet-Weiser, S. (2018). Emprowerd. Popular Feminism and Popular Misogyny. Duke University Press.
  • Banks, J. (2010). Regulating hate speech online. International Review of Law, Computers & Technology, 24(3), 233-239.
  • Bernardez-Rodal, A., Rey, P. R., & Franco, Y. G. (2022). Radical right parties and anti-feminist speech on Instagram: Vox and the 2019 Spanish general election. Party Politics, 28(2), 272–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354068820968839
  • Bivens, R., & Haimson, O. L. (2016). Baking Gender Into Social Media Design: How Platforms Shape Categories for Users and Advertisers. Social Media + Society, 2(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305116672486
  • Bradshaw, S. y Howard, P. N. (2017). Troops, Trolls and Troublemakers: a global inventory of organized social media manipulation. Working paper 2017.12. University of Oxford.
  • Cabezas, M. (2022). Silencing Feminism? Gender and the Rise of the Nationalist Far Right in Spain. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 47(2), 319-354. https://doi.org/10.1086/716858
  • Citron, D. K. (2014). Hate Crimes in Cyberspace. Harward University Press.
  • Cole, K. C. (2015). “It's Like She's Eager to be Verbally Abused”: Twitter, Trolls, and (En)Gendering Disciplinary Rhetoric. Feminist Media Studies, 15(2), 356-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2015.1008750
  • Crosas Remón, I. y Medina Brazo, P. (2019). Ciberviolencia en la red. Nuevas formas de retórica disciplinaria en contra del feminismo. Papers, 104(1), 47-73. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/papers.2390
  • Davidson, T., Warmsley, D., Macy, M. y Weber, I. (2017). Automated Hate Speech Detection and the Problem of Offensive Language. ICWSM Proceedings 2017. Availabe at https://bit.ly/3pUG4jH
  • Delle Donne, F. (2019). ¿Por qué votamos a la ultraderecha? En Delle Donne, F. & Jerez, A., (ed.), Epidemia ultra. La ola reaccionaria que contagia Europa (pp. 235-250). Publicación independiente: Berlín.
  • Döring N. y Mohseni, M. R. (2020). Gendered hate speech in YouTube and YouNow comments: Results of two content analyses. Studies in Communication and Media, 9(1), 62–88. https://doi.org/10.5771/2192-4007-2020-1-62
  • Faris, R. M., Roberts, H., Etling, B. Bourassa, N., Zuckerman, E. y Benkler, Y. (2017). Partisanship, Propaganda, and Disinformation: Online Media and the 2016 U.S. Presidential Election. Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society Research Paper. https://bit.ly/3wsTCp6
  • Ferreira, C. (2019). Vox como representante de la derecha radical en España: un estudio sobre su ideología. Revista Española de Ciencia Política, 51, 73-98. https://doi.org/10.21308/recp.51.03
  • Frenda, S., Ghanem, B., Montes-y-Gómez, M. y Rosso, P. (2019). Online Hate Speech against Women: Automatic Identification of Misogyny and Sexism on Twitter. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 36(5), 4743-4752. https://doi.org/10.3233/JIFS-179023
  • Gardiner, B. (2018). “It’s a terrible way to go work”: what 70 million readers’ comments on the Guardian revealed about hostility to women and minorities online. Feminist Media Studies 18(4), 592-608. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1447334
  • Gutiérrez Almanzo, M., Pando Cantell, M. J. y Congosto, M. (2020). New approaches to the propagation of the antifeminist backlash on Twitter. Investigaciones feministas, 11(2), 221-237. http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/infe.66089
  • Gutiérrez Sanz, V. y Etura Hernández, D. (2021). Política y redes sociales. La estrategia persuasiva de VOX en TikTok o cómo ser antifeminista sin decirlo. En Bernárdez Rodal, A. & Padilla Padilla, G. (coord.). Deshaciendo nudos en el Social Media: Redes, feminismos y políticas de la identidad (pp. 231-254). Tirant lo Blanch.
  • Ghaffari, S. (2020). Discourses of celebrities on Instagram: digital femininity, self-representation and hate speech. Critical Discourse Studies, 19(2), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.1080/17405904.2020.1839923
  • Ging, D. (2017). Alphas, Betas, and Incels: Theorizing the masculinities of the manosphere. Men and Masculinities 22(4), 638-657. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X17706401
  • Grömping, M. (2014). “Echo Chambers”: Partisan Facebook Groups during the 2014 Thai Election. Asia Pacific Media Educator 24(1), 39-59. https://doi.org/10.1177/1326365X145391
  • Hess, A. (2014). Why Women Aren’t Welcome on the Internet. Pacific Standard, June 14. https://psmag.com/social-justice/women-arent-welcome-internet-72170
  • Hopton, K. y Langer S. (2022). “Kick the XX out of your life”: An analysis of the manosphere’s discursive constructions of gender on Twitter. Feminism & Psychology, 32(1), 3-22. https://doi.org/10.1177/09593535211033461
  • Horta Ribeiro, M., Blackburn, J., Bradlyn, B., De Cristofaro, E., Stringhini, G., Long, S., Greenberg, S. y Zannettou, S. (2021). The Evolution of the Manosphere across the Web. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 15(1), 196-207. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323119844409
  • Izquierdo, J., Reguero Sanz, I., Berdón Prieto, P. & Martín Jiménez, V. (2022). La estrategia del odio: polarización y enfrentamiento partidista en Twitter durante las elecciones a la Asamblea de Madrid de 2021. Prisma Social, (39), 183–212. https://revistaprismasocial.es/article/view/4829
  • Jane E. A. (2018). Systemic misogyny exposed: Translating Rapeglish from the Manosphere with a Random Rape Threat Generator. International Journal of Cultural Studies, 21(6), 661-680. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877917734042
  • Johanssen, J. (2022). Fantasy, Online Misogyny and the Manosphere. Male Bodies of Dis/Inhibition. Routledge.
  • Juarez Miro, C., & Toff, B. (2022). How Right-Wing Populists Engage with Cross-Cutting News on Online Message Boards: The Case of ForoCoches and Vox in Spain. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/19401612211072696
  • Kearney, Michael W. (2019). Rtweet: Collecting and analyzing Twitter data. Journal of Open Source Software, 4(42), 1829. https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01829
  • Krendel, A. (2022). From sexism to misogyny. Can online echo chambers stay quarantined? En I. Zempi & J. Smith (eds.) Misogyny as Hate Crime (pp. 99-117). Routledge.
  • Kutter, Amelie; Kantner, Cathleen (2012). Corpus-based content analysis: a method for investigating news coverage on war and intervention. International Relations Online Working Paper Series. 2012(1). https://cutt.ly/pfBJcap
  • Lacalle, Ch. (2023). The otherless other: las pasiones misóginas de la Manosfera española. Signa. Revista de la Asociación Española de Semiótica, 32, 41-53. https://doi.org/10.5944/signa.vol32.2023.36111
  • Lacalle, Ch. y Castro-Mariño, D. (2016). Promotion of Spanish scripted television on the internet: analyzing broadcast-related websites’ content and social audience. Profesional de la información, 25(2), 246-253. http://dx.doi.org/10.3145/epi.2016.mar.11
  • Manne, K. (2018). Down Girl: The Logic of Misogyny. Oxford University Press.
  • Martínez-Jiménez, L. y Zurbano-Berenguer, B. (2019). Posmachismo, violencia de género y dinámicas de opinión en los cibermedios. Aproximaciones a la realidad española a partir de la experiencia de eldiario.es. Teknokultura, 16(2), 213-228. https://doi.org/10.5209/tekn.65173
  • Marwick, A. E., & Boyd, D. (2011). I tweet honestly, I tweet passionately: Twitter users, context collapse, and the imagined audience. New Media & Society, 13, 114 - 133. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444810365313
  • Marwick, A. E. & Caplan, R. (2018). Drinking male tears: language, the manosphere, and networked harassment. Feminist Media Studies, 18(4), 543-559. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2018.1450568.2018.1450568
  • Molpeceres Arna?iz, S. y Filardo-Llamas, L. (2020). Llamamientos feministas en Twitter ideologi?a, identidad colectiva y reenmarcado de símbolos en la huelga del 8M y la manifestacio?n contra la sentencia de «La Manada». Di?gitos. Revista de Comunicacio?n Digital 6, 55-78. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/rd.v1i6.181
  • Nagle, A. (2017). Kill All Normies. Online Culture Wars From 4Chan And Tumblr To Trump And The Alt-Right. John Hunt Publishing
  • Núñez Puente, S., D’Antonio Maceiras, S. y Fernández Romero, D. (2019). Twitter activism and ethical witnessing possibilities and challenges of feminist politics against gender-based violence. Social Science Computer Review 39(2), 295-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439319864898
  • Núñez Puente, S. y Gámez Fuentes, M. J. (2017). Spanish feminism, popular misogyny and the place of the victim. Feminist Media Studies, 17(5), 902-906. https://doi.org/10.1080/14680777.2017.1350527
  • Pibermat-Vila, M. (2021). Misoginia youtuber; conseguir audiencia con humor sexista. Investigaciones Feministas, 12(1), 47-56. https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/infe.69376
  • Plaza-del-Arco, F. M., Martín-Valdivia, M. T., Ureña-López, L. A. y Mitkov, R. (2020). Improved emotion recognition in Spanish social media through incorporation of lexical knowledge. ACM Transactions on Internet Technology, 20(2), 1000-1008. DOI10.1016/j.future.2019.09.034
  • Rivas Benegas, M. (2021). Contra las mujeres: el discurso misógino de Vox. “Palabras gruñido” del nacional populismo español. Investigaciones Feministas, 12(1), 67-77. https://dx.doi.org/10.5209/infe.69585
  • Siapera, E. (2019). Online misogyny as witch hunt: Primitive accumulation in the age of techno-capitalism. In D. Ging & E. Siapera (eds.) Gender hate online. Understanding the new anti-feminism (pp. 21-44). Palgrave-MacMillan.
  • Touri, M. y Koteyko, N. (2014). Using corpus linguistic software in the extraction of news frames: towards a dynamic process of frame analysis in journalistic texts. International Journal of Social Research Methodology. 18(6), 601-616. https://doi.org/gg5tx8
  • Villar-Aguilés, A. y Pecourt Gracia, J. (2021). Teknokultura. 18(1), pp.33-44. doi:10.5209/tekn.70225
  • Waltman, Michael S. y Mattheis, A.A. (2017). Understanding Hate Speech. Oxford Encyclopedia. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.422
  • Waseem, Z. y Hovy, D. (2016). Hateful symbols or hateful people? Predictive features for hate speech detection on Twitter. Proceedings of the NAACL Student Research Workshop (pp. 88-73). Association for Computational Linguistics. San Diego (CA)