Disintermediation and disinformation as a political strategyuse of AI to analyse fake news as Trump’s rhetorical resource on Twitter

  1. Diez-Gracia, Alba 1
  2. Sánchez-García, Pilar 1
  3. Martín-Román, Javier 1
  1. 1 Universidad de Valladolid
    info

    Universidad de Valladolid

    Valladolid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/01fvbaw18

Revista:
El profesional de la información

ISSN: 1386-6710,  1699-2407

Año de publicación: 2023

Título del ejemplar: Disinformation and online media

Volumen: 32

Número: 5

Tipo: Artículo

DOI: 10.3145/EPI.2023.SEP.23 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openAcceso abierto editor

Otras publicaciones en: El profesional de la información

Resumen

Los efectos comunicativos de la desintermediación informativa provocados por las redes sociales fomentan la expansión de discursos políticos personalistas y emocionales que calan directamente en la audiencia y evaden el filtro periodístico tradicional. Este fenómeno deriva en nuevas tácticas de comunicación política, pero también expone a los ciudadanos a contenido potencialmente fraudulento, contaminado o polarizado. En este contexto, enmarcado en la post-verdad, el término fake news gana relevancia como una forma de referirse a la desinformación y como un argumento político y performativo que puede instrumentalizarse. Esta investigación tiene por objetivo analizar dicho uso en el discurso del expresidente Donald Trump durante su etapa presidencial (2017-2021), poniendo el foco en Twitter como plataforma principal en su estrategia de comunicación política digital. Para analizarlo, se recurre a una triangulación metodológica de análisis de contenido, del discurso y del sentimiento –este último, combinando Lexicon y técnicas de inteligencia artificial (IA) mediante machine learning basadas en deep learning y procesamiento del lenguaje natural–, que se aplica a sus mensajes publicados con el término fake news (N=768). El análisis de la muestra, que se ofrece aquí en un dataset abierto, emplea un software de elaboración propia que permite filtrar y codificar cada unidad de análisis en torno a sus temáticas, sentimientos y palabras predominantes. Los resultados principales confirman que la atribución de ‘fake news’ que hace Trump se centra en tres temas principales: medios (53%), políticas (40%) y su gabinete de gobierno (33%). Asimismo, se constata cómo el expresidente recurre a una agenda personalista, enfocada en la defensa de sus propuestas y su equipo (80%) mediante la deslegitimación de sus oponentes y de la prensa, con un tono negativo (72%) cargado de expresiones despectivas, confirmando una estrategia instrumentalista del término fake news como argumento político de desinformación y desintermediación.

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