Activismo lúdico y desconexión moral en videojuegos políticosun modelo de análisis a través de Fursan Al-Aqsa

  1. Gómez García, Salvador 1
  2. Moreno Cantano, Antonio Cesar 1
  3. Quevedo Redondo, Raquel 2
  1. 1 Universidad Complutense de Madrid
    info

    Universidad Complutense de Madrid

    Madrid, España

    ROR 02p0gd045

  2. 2 Universidad de Valladolid
    info

    Universidad de Valladolid

    Valladolid, España

    ROR https://ror.org/01fvbaw18

Journal:
Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico

ISSN: 1988-2696

Year of publication: 2024

Volume: 30

Pages: 99-110

Type: Article

DOI: 10.5209/ESMP.91561 DIALNET GOOGLE SCHOLAR lock_openOpen access editor

More publications in: Estudios sobre el mensaje periodístico

Sustainable development goals

Abstract

Esta investigación propone un análisis ludonarrativo del videojuego «Fursan al-Aqsa: The Knights of the Al-Aqsa Mosque» (Nidal Nijm Games, 2022) y su representación del conflicto israelí-palestino. En concreto, se examina la narrativa del juego a través de sus códigos comunicativos e identificadores geopolíticos, y cómo influye en las percepciones de los jugadores. Para ello se emplea un análisis temático basado en la teoría de la desconexión moral de Bandura y se analiza tanto el discurso del videojuego como su difusión en Twitch y Youtube, además de las reseñas de jugadores en plataformas de distribución. El análisis permite identificar cuatro factores de desconexión (reinterpretación del comportamiento censurable, responsabilidad, consecuencias y víctimas), mientras los resultados posibilitan construir un modelo de interpretación de videojuegos y discursos ideológicos a partir de Bandura, proporcionando una base empírica con relación a la articulación del mensaje de Fursan al-Aqsa, la propuesta de los creadores de contenido y las aportaciones del público.

Bibliographic References

  • Abu Amer, A. (20 de septiembre de 2022). Cada vez más israelíes aceptan la legitimidad de la resistencia palestina. Monitor de Oriente.bit.ly/44YXoqu
  • Al- Rawi, A. (2016). Video games, terrorism, and ISIS ́S Jihad 3.0. Terrorism and Political Violence 30 (4), 740-760.
  • Alhabash, S., & Wise, K. (2012). PeaceMaker: Chan-ging Students’ Attitudes Toward Palestinians and Israelis Through Video Game Play. International Journal of Communication, 6, 25. bit.ly/3PJ2QK0
  • Bandura, A. (2016). Moral Disengagement: How People Do Harm and Live with Themselves. Wor-th Publishers.
  • Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C., Caprara, G. V., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 364-374.https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.71.2.364
  • Bayefski, A. (22 de julio de 2014). Ban Ki-moon ́s sha-meful message in Israel ́s hour of need. The Je-rusalem Post. bit.ly/46yMZmX
  • Bos, D. (2016). Answering the Call of Duty: the popular geopolitics of military-themed videogames. PhD. Thesis. bit.ly/3Pn1NxN
  • Cervi L., Tejedor S., Marín Lladó C. (2021). TikTok and the new language of political communication. Cultura, Lenguaje y Representación, 26, 267–287.
  • Cervi, L., & Divon, T. (2023). Playful Activism: Meme-tic Performances of Palestinian Resistance in TikTok #Challenges. Social Media + Society, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051231157607
  • Chess, S., y Consalvo, M. (2022). The future of media studies is game studies. Critical Studies in Media Communication, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295036.2022.2075025
  • Cohen, M. & Freilich, D. (2015). The Delegitimization of Israel: Diplomatic Warfare, Sanctions, and Lawfare. Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, 9 (1), 29-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/23739770.2015.1015095
  • Dauber, C., Robinson, M., Baslious, J. & Blair, A. (2019). Call of Duty: Jihad - How the Video Games Mo-tif Has Migrated Downstream from Islamic State Propaganda Videos. Perspectives on Terrorism 13 (3), 17-31. bit.ly/3PlkMc7
  • de la Cruz, J., de la Hera, T., Gómez, S., & Lacasa, P. (2023). Digital Games as Persuasion Spaces for Political Marketing: Joe Biden’s Campaign in Fortnite. Media and Communication, 11(2), 266-277. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i2.6476
  • Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea (4 de febrero de 2022). Reglamento de Ejecución (UE) 2022/147 del Consejo, de 3 de febrero de 2022, por el que se aplica el artículo 2, apartado 3, del Reglamento (CE) n.o 2580/2001 sobre medidas restrictivas específicas dirigidas a determinadas personas y entidades con el fin de luchar contra el terrorismo, y se deroga el Reglamento de Ejecución (UE) 2021/1188. https://bit.ly/46gGTqZ
  • European Parliament (2017/2692). Resolution of 1 june 2017 on combating Anti-semitism. https://bit.ly/45cpSxrEuropean Parliament (E-004948/2021). Parliamentary question: Video game ‘Fursan al-Aqsa: The Knights of the Al-Aqsa Mosque. https://bit.ly/48hdI94
  • Frank, A. (2016). Palestinian political platformer re-jected by Apple App Store, ‘not appropiate’ for games. Polygon. https://bit.ly/3RrEuFU
  • Glas R., Lammes S., Lange M., Raessens J., Vries I. (2019). The playful citizen. Amsterdam University Press.
  • Gómez-García, S., & de la Hera, T. (2023). Games as Political Actors in Digital Journalism. Media and Communication, 11(2), 278-290. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v11i2.6515
  • Gonzalez, C., Saner, L. D., & Eisenberg, L. Z. (2013). Learning to stand in the other’s shoes: A compu-ter video game experience of the Israeli–Pales-tinian conflict. Social Science Computer Review, 31(2), 236-243.
  • Google Play (2023). Inappropriate Content. https://bit.ly/46k638l
  • Hammond, P. (2019). Reality Check: Videogames as Propaganda for Inauthentic War. En H. Pötzsch (Eds.). War Games: Memory, Militarism and the Subject of Play. Bloomsbury Academic. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781501351181.ch-002
  • Hartmann, T., Maja, K., & Tsay-Vogel, M. (2014). How Violent Video Games Communicate Violence: A Literature Review and Content Analysis of Moral Disengagement Factors. Communication Mono-graphs, 81 (3), 310-332. https://doi.org/10.1080/03637751.2014.922206
  • Hasaneen, A. (10 de octubre de 2021). Palestinian video game strike Israel ́s nerve. Al Monitor. https://bit.ly/3Pnmvhd
  • Heimonen, M., & Hebert, D. G. (2012). Nationalism and Music Education: A Finnish Perspective. In D. Hebert & A. Kertz Welzel (Eds.) Patriotism and Nationalism in Music Education, 59-76. Ashgate Publishing. https://bit.ly/3ZkB35y
  • Heine, C. (2004). Etnografía virtual. UOC.Huang, V. G., & Liu, T. (2022). Gamifying Contentious Politics: Gaming Capital and Playful Resistan-ce. Games and Culture, 17(1), 26-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/15554120211014143
  • Lakomy, M. (2019). Let’s play a video game: jihadi propaganda in the world of electronic entertain-ment. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 42(4), 383-406.
  • Lakomy, M. (2019). Let ́s Play a Video Game: Jihadi Propaganda in the World of Electronic En-tertainment. Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 42 (4), 383-406. https://doi.org/10.1080/1057610X.2017.1385903
  • Lange, C. (17 de octubre de 2021). Facebook bans video game depicting jihadist assassinating Is-raeli soldiers from platform amid pressure. FISM TV. https://bit.ly/3Zo2203
  • Latour, B. (2005). Reassembling the social. An introduction to actor-network-theory. Oxford Univer-sity Press.
  • Lerner, J. (2014). Making democracy fun: How game design can empower citizens and transform poli-tics. The MIT Press.
  • Lewis, M. (30 de septiembre de 2021). Video Game where gamers play as a Palestinian gunman assassinating IDF soldiers sparks fury in Israel. Daily Mailhttps://bit.ly/3PHvk6D
  • Mäyrä, F. (2008). An introduction to Digital Game Stu-dies. London: Routledge.
  • McDonald, C. (2019). Slingshots and Game Con-trollers: Video Games within Middle Eastern Conflicts. The Corvette 6 (1), 58-75. https://bit.ly/48gm8gR
  • Moya, J.A., & Moreno, A.C. (2022). Debates trans-media e identidades nacionalistas a través de videojuegos: teoría y práctica. Contratexto, 38, 21-41. https://dx.doi.org/10.26439/contratex-to2022.n038.5873
  • Munayyer, Y. (2021). JPS “Hidden Gems” and “Greatest Hits”: Repression and Dissent; Contentious Politics in Palestine. Journal of Palestine Studios50 (1), 118-123. https://bit.ly/48gm4xD
  • Naji, J., & Iwar, M. (2013). Simulated stereotypes tur-ning the unreal real: An analysis of representation of the ‘Other’ in traditional media forms and digital games. Journal of Arab & Muslim Media Research 6 (2 & 3), 115-130. https://doi.org/10.1386/jammr.6.2-3.115_1
  • Neuendorf (2016). The Content Analysis Guidebook.Oaks, CA: Sage.Nidal Nijm Games (2022). Fursan al-Aqsa: The Knights of the Al-Aqsa Mosque. En https://bit.ly/3Rr7nlE
  • Raney, A.A. (2020). Moral Disengagement. In The In-ternational Encyclopedia of Media Psychology, J. Bulck (Ed.). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119011071.iemp0207.Said, E. (1978). Orientalism. New York: Pantheon Books.Schlegel, L. (2020). Jumanji Extremism? How games and gamification could facilitate radicalization processes. Journal for Deradicalization 23, 1-44.https://bit.ly/3PIHrjV
  • Schulzke, M. (2013). The Virtual War on Terror: Cou-nterTerrorism Narratives in Video Games. New Political Science, 35 (4), 586-603. https://doi.org/10.1080/07393148.2013.848703
  • Schulzke, M. (2016). War by other means: Mobile gaming and the 2014 Israel-Gaza Conflict. Review of International Studies, 42, 575-596. http://doi:10.1017/S0260210515000510
  • Sheva, A. (14 de octubre de 2021). Facebook remo-ves game with objective to kill IDF soldiers. Israel National News. https://bit.ly/3EGFLRA
  • Šisler, V. (2009). Palestine in Pixels: The Holy Land, Arab-Israeli. Conflict, and Reality Construction in Video Games. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication 2, 275–292. https://doi.org/10.1163/187398509X12476683126509
  • Šisler, V. (2013). Digital Heroes: Identity Construction in Iranian Video Games. In Sreberny, Anabelle & Torfeh, Massoumeh. (eds.). Cultural Revolution in Iran:Contemporary Popular Culture in the Islamic Republic (171-192). London: I.B.Tauris.
  • Sokol, S. (30 de septiembre de 2021 ). Top Streamer Under Fire for Palestinian Video Game Calling to ‘Eliminate Zionist Soldiers’. Haaretz. https://bit.ly/3RlwG8x
  • Stahl, R. (2010). Militainment, Inc.: War, Media and Po-pular Culture. Routledge.Tawil, H. (2007). The Political Battlefield of Pro-Arab Video Games on Palestinians Screens. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 27 (3), 536-551. https://doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-2007-031
  • Udk Ultimate [@UdkUltimate]. (2023, 27 mayo). ¡Es-tamos emocionados de anunciar el lanzamien-to de nuestra nueva actualización del software! 🚀 [Tweet].Twitter. Recuperadodehttps://bit.ly/3ZlmdMe
  • Vijay, D., & Gekker, A. (2021). Playing Politics: How Sabarimala Played Out on TikTok. American Behavioral Scientist, 65(5), 712-734. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764221989769
  • Villegas de Posada, C., Florez, J., & Espinel, N. (2018). Moral Disengagement Mechanisms and Armed Violence. A Comparative Study of Paramilita-ries and Guerrillas in Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Psicología, 27(1), 55-69.https://doi.org/10.15446/rcp.v27n1.62191
  • Walz, S.P. & Deterding, S. (2014). The Gameful World. Approaches, Issues, Applications. MIT Press.Wired, 1 de marzo de 2023, Video Games are a new Propaganda Machine for Iran. Recuperado de https://bit.ly/452A0IFYoutube (28 de febrero de 2023). Google Censored My Game To Please Israel!!. Fursan Al-Aqsa: The Knights of Al-Aqsa Mosque.
Data source: Dialnet